In today's world, the oil and gas industry, as one of the main economic resources of energy-producing countries, is of particular importance. In this regard, legal disputes related to oil and gas contracts, as well as how to resolve these disputes through arbitration, play a vital role in the sustainability and growth of this industry. Iran and the United Arab Emirates are two major oil and gas countries in the Middle East, and considering the legal, economic and cultural differences, especially in the field of arbitration in oil and gas matters, examining the arbitration systems of these two countries is of great importance. Oil and gas, as one of the main sources of income for Middle Eastern countries, play a fundamental role in the economic, political and legal developments of the region. Therefore, oil and gas contracts are always accompanied by legal complexities. These complexities can lead to legal disputes, especially when the parties to the contract are from different countries. Arbitration is considered as one of the effective methods for resolving these disputes at the international and regional levels. In this context, Iran and the United Arab Emirates, as two prominent countries in the oil and gas sector, use different systems to arbitrate disputes related to this industry. This study has conducted a comparative study of oil and gas arbitration in Iran and the United Arab Emirates, and its aim is to clarify the differences, challenges and opportunities in this field.