The water crisis in Iran, beyond an environmental challenge, has become a complex issue with legal, social, and political dimensions. With the aim of analyzing the legal challenges and environmental justice in water governance, this research examines natural factors such as drought and climate change, and human factors such as mismanagement, excessive harvesting, and weak legal frameworks. The research findings indicate that the multiplicity and dispersion of laws, weakness in effective implementation of regulations, and lack of coherence in policymaking have faced serious obstacles to the water governance system. Also, disregard for environmental rights, the rights of local communities, public participation, and transparency in decision-making are major shortcomings. From the perspective of environmental justice, inequality in access to clean water, especially in rural and marginalized areas, is striking. The drying up of wetlands and rivers and the destruction of ecosystems indicate an inequitable distribution of environmental burdens and benefits. In addition, the impact of climate change and the historical responsibility of industrialized countries link the global and intergenerational dimension of justice to this crisis. This study suggests that the development of a comprehensive water management law with a justice-oriented and participatory approach, strengthening institutional transparency, recognizing environmental rights, and building capacity at the local level are among the key solutions to improve the current situation. Also, reforming institutional structures, utilizing new technologies, and adapting to international standards are essential to achieving sustainable water resource governance.