The role of criminal courts in guaranteeing the fundamental rights of citizens is considered one of the fundamental pillars of the criminal justice system. As independent and impartial institutions, these courts are responsible for respecting the fundamental rights of defendants and plaintiffs during the trial and for paving the way for the implementation of fair justice. Among the most important fundamental rights that criminal courts must guarantee are the right to defense, the right to a lawyer, the principle of impartiality, and the right to access a fair trial. Respecting these rights not only preserves human dignity, but also increases public trust in the judicial system and establishes the legitimacy of the judicial system. Given the importance of this issue, this article examines the role and position of criminal courts in guaranteeing the fundamental rights of citizens. While analyzing the legal provisions related to fair trial and the rights of defendants, the practical challenges and obstacles to the realization of these rights have been evaluated. The purpose of this research is to provide solutions to strengthen the efficiency of courts in protecting citizens' rights and improving the quality of the criminal trial process, which can lead to increased judicial justice and reduced violations of rights.