The expansion of artificial intelligence-based chatbots has not only created extensive opportunities in the field of digital communications but has also facilitated the emergence of new methods of committing internet fraud. The main issue addressed in this research is determining which parties bear criminal liability for offenses committed through the use of chatbots and how criminal conduct can be attributed among users, developers, and providers of these technologies. The purpose of this study is to examine the challenges of criminal law arising from the misuse of chatbots, analyze the constituent elements of internet fraud, and propose an appropriate framework for determining the scope of criminal liability of human actors involved in the commission of such offenses. The research adopts a descriptive-analytical method and is conducted through library-based studies, examination of domestic and international legal sources, and analysis of emerging perspectives on artificial intelligence criminal liability. The findings indicate that, under the current legal framework, recognizing independent criminal liability for chatbots is inconsistent with traditional principles of criminal law, as these systems lack intent, criminal consciousness, and moral accountability. Therefore, criminal liability should be distributed among users, developers, and technology providers based on their degree of involvement, control, knowledge, and ability to prevent harm. Furthermore, developing preventive regulations, regulatory obligations, and precise criteria for criminal attribution can reduce existing legal gaps in addressing artificial intelligence-based fraud.